交通相关的空气污染（TRAP）需要更多重视

近年来，随着人口的增长、经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，全球机动车保有量保持增长态势（Oak Ridge National Laboratory，2022）。然而，交通运输在为人类生活和经济发展带来便利的同时，其大量的尾气排放也对空气质量和气候造成负面影响。交通运输是全球氮氧化物（NOx）的主要排放源，排放量贡献占比一直在50%以上，如图1。此外，全球交通运输产生的二氧化碳（CO2）排放量也一直呈增长趋势，如图2。

 

图1 1990-2022年全球交通部门NOx排放量

数据来源：EDGAR数据库，2024

 

图2 1990-2022年全球交通部门CO2排放量

数据来源：EDGAR数据库，2024

 

由于人们经常在交通活动附近生活、工作、或通勤，不可避免的会经常暴露于交通源产生的空气污染（Traffic-Related Air Pollution，TRAP）中。有研究表明，多伦多24%的人口、新德里41%的人口、北京66%的人口、巴黎67%的人口以及巴塞罗那96%的人口都可能暴露于高浓度水平的TRAP当中（Su et al., 2015）。因此，TRAP与公众健康关系密切，受到了越来越多的关注。

 

TRAP是全球空气污染疾病负担的主要贡献源
 

交通源的排放高度位于人体呼吸带附近，易被人体吸入从而影响身体健康。大量研究证明其与广泛的疾病有关，包括肺部发病率和癌症发病率（Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2013），以及成人慢性阻塞性肺病的患病率（Andersen et al., 2011）；血压升高（Santos et al., 2019），急性冠状动脉事件的发生率（Cesaroni et al., 2014），中风（Stafogia et al., 2014）；以及一系列不良妊娠和分娩结果，如妊娠引起的高血压疾病和先兆子痫（Pedersen et al., 2014）、早产（Sapkota et al., 2012）和低出生率等。
 

总体来说，TRAP对健康的影响与通常所说的空气污染对健康的影响非常相似。然而，一些新的证据表明，TRAP的某些影响，如儿童哮喘的发作，通常由比环境空气污染的影响更加严重（Khreis，2020）。例如，英国城市地区每年有四分之一的儿童哮喘新病例归因于TRAP（Khreis et al., 2018）。2015年，全球38.5万人死亡与交通运输产生的空气污染物排放有关，占全球空气污染疾病负担的11.4%（Lelieveld et al., 2015）。尽管许多国家都采取了更严格的车辆排放标准，但交通运输部门仍是全球空气污染疾病负担的主要贡献者（Anenberg et al.，2019）。在人口密集且交通活动水平较高的地区，可归于与交通尾气排放的空气污染疾病负担更是远高于全球平均水平（Lelieveld et al., 2015）。

 

TRAP对不同年龄人群的疾病影响有差异
 

不同年龄阶段的人群体质和适应能力不同，其对TRAP暴露的敏感程度存在差异。大量研究表明，对于不同年龄构成的人群，包括婴幼儿与围产期孕妇、儿童、劳动年龄人口和老年人，TRAP对其相关疾病的影响有所不同。

 

比如，孕期暴露于TRAP可导致早产、低出生体重等不良的出生结果；儿童暴露于TRAP与其呼吸系统疾病和神经系统发育方面等问题存在显著关联。此外，TRAP是成年人呼吸系统相关疾病的重要风险因素，也与成年人心脑血管系统疾病的发生和发展密切相关。同时TRAP也是老年人血管性痴呆和阿尔茨海默病的一个重要风险因素。综上，表1总结了TRAP对不同年龄构成人群相关疾病的影响进展，有助于更加深入地了解和评估TRAP的健康风险。

 

 

表1 TRAP对不同年龄构成人群相关疾病的影响进展

 

 

TRAP治理可以带来可观的健康效益
 

虽然国内外已有大量TRAP对人体健康影响的研究成果，但针对相应的TRAP治理措施带来的健康效益研究相对缺乏。近年来，控制交通污染排放能否改善人群健康的议题才逐渐受到研究者的关注。以2008年北京奥运会为例，在此期间北京市政府采取了一系列交通污染控制措施，包括大力发展公共交通、实行机动车限行、禁止重型卡车上路、实施新的机动车尾气排放标准、淘汰老旧高排放机动车等。这些治理TRAP的措施使奥运会期间北京交通相关的空气污染物浓度显著低于非奥运会时期。北京市12条交通干道的PM10浓度从142.6µg/m3下降到102.2µg/m3，平均降低了28%，并且PM2.5和黑炭的浓度也比奥运前显著下降（黄婧和郭新彪，2014）。2008年，北京市与道路交通相关的空气污染造成的死亡人数比2004年减少了1206人（Guo et al., 2010）。
 

此外，也有研究基于情景分析、空气质量建模和人口健康风险评估相结合的综合研究框架，分析了汽车尾气排放控制措施对TRAP相关死亡的影响。研究发现，如果没有采取治理措施，我国道路机动车在1998-2015年期间的累积排放量将是现实排放量的2~3倍，2015年全国人口加权的PM2.5和O3年均浓度将比现实水平分别高出11.7ug/m3和8.3ppb，其引起的死亡人数会增加约51万（Wang et al., 2021）。
 

随着TRAP的治理能够带来健康收益的证据日益增加，未来在城市化进程中，TRAP需要得到更多的重视，这有助于未来政府制定绿色交通政策；同时在此基础上还需提高公众对TRAP健康影响的认识，使公众提高自身的健康防护意识。

 

参考文献：

[1] Alexeeff SE，Ｒoy A，Shan J，et al. (2018). High-resolution mapping of traffic related air pollution with Google street view cars and incidence of cardiovascular events within neighborhoods in Oakland，CA[J]. Environ Health. 17(1): 38. 

[2] Andersen, Z.J., et al. (2011). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183 (4), 455-461.

[3] Anderson, H.R., Favarato, G. & Atkinson, R.W. (2013). Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of asthma: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Air Qual Atmos Health 6, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0144-5. 

[4] Anenberg S C, Miller J, Henze D K, et al. (2019). The global burden of transportation tailpipe emissions on air pollution-related mortality in 2010 and 2015 [J]. Environmental Research Letters. 14(9): 94012. 

[5] Armijos, R. X., Weigel, M. M., Myers, O. B., Li, W.-W., Racines, M., & Berwick, M. (2015). Residential exposure to urban traffic is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in children. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 1–11.

[6] Babagoli, M.A., Kaufman, T.K., Noyes, P., Shefield, P.E., 2019. Exploring the healthand spatial equity implications of the New York City Bike share system. J. Transp.Health 13,200-209.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/i.ith.2019.04.003.

[7] Barrett, S. R. H., Speth, R.L., Eastham, S. D., Dedoussi, l. C., Ashok, A., Malina, R. et al. (2015). lmpact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health Environmental Research Letters, 10(11).114005.

[8] Bowatte G，Lodge CJ，Knibbs LD，et al. (2016). Traffic-related air pollution exposure over a 5-year period is associated with allergic sensitization，asthma，and poor lung function in middle age[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 139 (1): 122-129. e1.

[9] Cesaroni, G., et al. (2014). Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project. BMJ 348, f7412.

[10] Chemel, C., Fisher, B. E. A., Kong, X., Francis, X.V, Sokhi, R.S., Good, N. et al. (2014). Application of chemical transport model CMAQ to policy decisions regarding PM2.5 in the UK. Atmospheric Environment, 82,410-417.

[11] Chen, Z., et al. (2019). The association between high ambient air pollution exposure and respiratory health of young children: a cross sectional study in Jinan, China. Sci. Total Environ. 656, 740-749. 

[12] Cohen G，Levy I，Yuval，et al． (2017). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer among survivors of myocardial infarction: a 20-year follow-up study［J］． Eur J Prev Cardiol. 24( 1) : 92-102．

[13] EDGAR. (2024). Global CO2 and NOx emissions from the transportation sector, 1990-2022. https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.

[14] Gasana, J., et al. (2012). Motor vehicle air pollution and asthma in children: a meta-analysis. Environ. Res. 117, 36-45.

[15] Girguis MS, Strickland MJ, Hu XF，et al. (2016). Maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and birth defects in Massachusetts[J]. Environ Res. 146: 1－9.

[16] Hsieh S，Leaderer BP，Feldstein AE，et al. (2018). Traffic-related air pollution associations with cytokeratin-18，a marker of hepatocellular apoptosis，in an overweight and obese paediatric population[J]. Pediatr Obes. 13( 6) : 342－347.

[17] Hüls A，Klümper C，Macintyre EA，et al. (2018). Atopic dermatitis: interaction between genetic variants of GSTP1，TNF，TLR2，and TLR4 and air pollution in early life[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 29(6): 596-605.

[18] Jain, S., Sharma, S.K., Vijayan, N., Mandal, T.K., et al. (2020). Seasonal characteristics of aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) and their source apportionment using PMF: A four year study over Delhi, India. Environmental Pollution 262, 114337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114337.

[19] Jones SI, Pruszynski JE, Spong CY, et al. (2023). Traffic-related air pollution is associated with spontaneous extremely preterm birth and other adverse perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 229: 455. e1-7.

[20] Khreis, H., et al. (2017). Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Int. 100, 1-31.

[21] Khreis, H., de Hoogh, K., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2018). Full-chain health impact assessment of traffic-related air pollution and childhood asthma. Environment International, 114, 365–375. Available online 27 March 2018.

[22] Lelieveld, J., Evans, J., Fnais, M. et al. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525, 367–371. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nature15371.

[23] Li B, Cao H, Liu K, Xia J, Sun Y, Peng W, Xie Y, Guo C, Liu X, Wen F, Zhang F, Shan G, Zhang L. (2022). Associations of long-term ambient air pollution and traffic-related pollution with blood pressure and hypertension defined by the different guidelines worldwide: the CHCN-BTH study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 29(42): 63057-63070. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20227-9.

[24] Link, M.S., Dockery, D.W. (2010). Air pollution and the triggering of cardiac arrhythmias. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 25 (1), 16.

[25] MacIntyre, E.A., et al. (2013). Air pollution and respiratory infections during early childhood: an analysis of 10 European birth cohorts within the ESCAPE Project. Environ. Health Perspect. 122 (1), 107-113.

[26] Mark Stevenson, Jason Thompson, Thiago Hérick de Sá, Reid Ewing, Dinesh Mohan, Rod McClure et al. (2016). Land use, transport, and population health: estimating the health benefts of compact cities. SERIES, 388(10062), 2925-2935.

[27] Monrad M，Sajadieh A，Christensen JS，et al. (2017). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: a cohort study[J]. Environ Health Perspect. 125(3): 422-427.

[28] Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Basagana, X., Cirach, M., Cole-Hunter, T., Dadvand, P. et al., 2017. Urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: a health impact assessment for cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 125 (1).89-96.

[29] Paul KC, Haan M, Yu Y, Inoue K, Mayeda ER, Dang K, Wu J, Jerrett M, Ritz B. (2020). Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Incident Dementia: Direct and Indirect Pathways Through Metabolic Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis. 76(4): 1477-1491. doi: 10.3233/JAD-200320.

[30] Raaschou-Nielsen, O., et al. (2013). Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol. 14 (9), 813-822.

[31] Raz R，Levine H，Pinto O，et al. (2018). Traffic-related air pollution and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based nested case control study in Israel[J]. Am J Epidemiol. 187 (4):717-725.

[32] Rojas-Rueda, D., de Nazelle, A., Teixidó, O., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2012). Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: a Health Impact Assessment Study. Environ. Int. 49, 100-109.

[33] Saenen ND, Nawrot TS, Hautekiet P, Wang C, Roels HA, Dadvand P, Plusquin M, Bijnens EM. (2023). Residential green space improves cognitive performances in primary schoolchildren independent of traffic-related air pollution exposure. Environ Health. 30; 22(1): 33. doi: 10.1186/s12940-023-00982-z.

[34] Sears CG，Braun JM，Ｒyan PH，et al． (2018). The association of traffic related air and noise pollution with maternal blood pressure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the HOME study cohort[J]. Environ Int. 121: 574－581.

[35] Shivani Gadi, R., et al. (2019). Seasonal variation, source apportionment and source attributed health risk of fine carbonaceous aerosols over National Capital Region, India. Chemosphere 237, 124500.

[36] Smith R B, Fecht D, Gulliver J, Beevers S D, Dajnak D, Blangiardo M et al. (2017). Impact of London's road traffic air and noise pollution on birth weight: retrospective population based cohort study. 359: j5299 doi:10.1136/bmj.j5299.

[37] Stafoggia, M., et al. (2014). Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of cerebrovascular events: results from 11 European cohorts within the ESCAPE project. Environ. Health Perspect. 122 (9), 919-925.

[38] Stevenson M, Thompson J, de Sá TH, Ewing R, Mohan D, McClure R, Roberts I, Tiwari G, Giles-Corti B, Sun X, Wallace M, Woodcock J. (2016). Land use, transport, and population health: estimating the health benefits of compact cities. Lancet. 388(10062):2925-2935. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30067-8. 

[39] Stieb DM，Chen L，Hystad P，et al. （2016）. A national study of the association between traffic-related air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Canada，1999-2008[J]. Environ Res. 148: 513－526.

[40] Su, J.G., et al. (2015). Populations potentially exposed to traffic-related air pollution in seven world cities. Environ. Int. 78, 82-89.

[41] Tamayo-Uria I，Boldo E，García-Pérez J，et al． (2018). Childhood leukaemia risk and residential proximity to busy roads[J]. EnvironInt. 121: 332－339.

[42] Tonne C，Elbaz A，Beevers S，et al. (2014). Traffic-related air pollution in relation to cognitive function in older adults[J]. Epidemiology. 25(5): 674-681.

[43] Tzivian L，Jokisch M，Winkler A，et al. (2017). Associations of long term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with cognitive function-An analysis of effect measure modification[J]. Environ Int. 103: 30-38.

[44] Vert,C, Nieuwenhuiisen, M., Gascon, M., Grellier, , Fleming, L.E., White, M.P.et al., 2019. Health benefits of physical activity related to an urban riverside regeneration. Int. l. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (3), pii: E462.

[45] Vivanco-Hidalgo RM，Wellenius GA，Basaga a X，et al. (2018). Short term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic stroke onset in Barcelona，Spain[J]. Environ Res. 162: 160-165.

[46] Vrijheid, M., et al. (2010). Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 119 (5), 598-606.

[47]Lelieveld, J., Evans, J., Fnais, M. et al. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525, 367–371. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nature15371.